情人节，来做点作业吧 ☺☺☺
🌸🌸🌸causation定义 🌸🌸🌸
Causation is the "causal relationship between conduct and result". That is to say that causation provides a means of connecting conduct with a resulting effect typically an injury. In criminal law it is defined as the actus reus (an action) from which the specific injury or other effect arose and is combined with mens rea (a state of mind) to comprise the elements of guilt. Causation is only applicable where a result has been achieved and therefore is immaterial with regard to inchoate offenses.
causal:因果关系的

26'

immaterial：非实质的，不重要的

18'

inchate:早期的，刚开始的

28'

🌸🌸🌸causation and liability 🌸🌸
The relationship between causation and liability[edit]
Causation of an event by itself is not sufficient to create legal liability.

Sometimes causation is one part of a multi-stage test for legal liability. For example for the defendant to be held liable for the tort of negligence the defendant must have (1) owed the plaintiff a duty of care; (2) breached that duty; (3) by so doing caused damage to the plaintiff; and (4) that damage must not have been too remote. Causation is but one component of the tort.

On other occasions causation is the only requirement for legal liability (other than the fact that the outcome is proscribed). For example in the law of product liability the courts have come to apply to principle of strict liability : the fact that the defendant's product caused the plaintiff harm is the only thing that matters. The defendant need not also have been negligent.

On still other occasions causation is irrelevant to legal liability altogether. For example under a contract of indemnity insurance the insurer agrees to indemnify the victim for harm not caused by the insurer but by other parties.
indemnity：赔偿，补偿，保障

61'

Because of the difficulty in establishing causation it is one area of the law where the case law overlaps significantly with general doctrines of analytic philosophy to do with causation. The two subjects have long been somewhat intermingled.
intermingled：混合

48'

🌸🌸🌸法律解读 🌸🌸🌸
这里我们对着中国民法通则来说比较好理解点哈。
causation就是因果关系，这是一般的侵权民事责任的构成要件之一。(其他的是具备损害事实，过错，具体的再具体分析如过失侵权()
然后重点是这个因果关系对定罪的影响
1.过错责任，在过错责任中，不仅仅要有因果关系，还要有主观恶意。所以也称严格责任。
2.无过错责任，因果关系是唯一的定罪标准。无需考虑主观意图。比如说食品安全法中规定的只要食品质量不合格就违法。
最后一种很特殊，因为它不考虑因果关系。我们这所说的因果关系是指发生的违法犯罪事实和所做出的行为之间的因果关系哈～比如说保险，保险公司负责赔偿受损人，而受损人的损失其实并不是保险公司造成的。

☺☺☺，有木有觉得很清爽呢～头脑清醒了，下期接着说因果关系中的事实因果关系，马上见 😘😘